American Revolution Yorktown Victory

Previous: War in the South | American Revolution 101 The War in the West While large armies were doing battle in the East, small groups of men were fighting over large areas of territory in the West. While the commanders of British outposts, such as Forts Detroit and Niagara, were encouraging local Native Americans to attack colonial settlements, the frontiersmen began to band together to fight back. The most notable campaign west of the mountains was led by Colonel George Rogers Clark who embarked from Pittsburgh with 175 men in mid-1778. Moving down the Ohio River, they captured Fort Massac at the mouth of the Tennessee River before moving overland to take Kaskaskia (Illinois) on July 4. Cahokia was captured five days later as Clark moved back east and a detachment was sent to occupy Vincennes on the Wabash River. Concerned by Clarks progress, the Lieutenant Governor of Canada, Henry Hamilton, departed Detroit with 500 men to defeat the Americans. Moving down the Wabash, he easily retook Vincennes which was renamed Fort Sackville. With winter approaching, Hamilton released many of his men and settled in with a garrison of 90. Feeling that urgent action was needed, Clark embarked on a winter campaign to retake the outpost. Marching with 127 men, they endured a tough march before attacking Fort Sackville on February 23, 1780. Hamilton was forced to surrender the next day. To the east, Loyalist and Iroquois forces attacked American settlements in western New York and northeastern Pennsylvania, as well as won a victory over Colonels Zebulon Butler and Nathan Denisons militia at Wyoming Valley on July 3, 1778. To defeat this threat, General George Washington dispatched Major General John Sullivan to the region with a force of around 4,000 men. Moving up through the Wyoming Valley, he proceeded to systematically destroy the towns and villages of the Iroquois during the summer of 1779, and badly damaged their military potential. Actions in the North Following the Battle of Monmouth, Washingtons army settled into positions near New York City to watch the forces of Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton. Operating from the Hudson Highlands, elements of Washingtons army attacked British outposts in the region. On July 16, 1779, troops under Brigadier General Anthony Wayne captured Stony Point, and a month later Major Henry Light Horse Harry Lee successfully attacked Paulus Hook. While these operations proved to be victories, American forces suffered an embarrassing defeat at Penobscot Bay in August 1779, when an expedition from Massachusetts was effectively destroyed. Another low point occurred in September 1780, when Major General Benedict Arnold, one of the heroes of Saratoga, defected to the British. The plot was revealed following the capture of Major John Andre who had been serving as a go-between for Arnold and Clinton. Articles of Confederation On March 1, 1781, the Continental Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation which officially established a new government for the former colonies. Originally drafted in mid-1777, Congress had been operating on the Articles since that time. Designed to increase cooperation between the states, the Articles empowered Congress to make war, mint coins, resolve issues with the western territories, and negotiate diplomatic agreements. The new system did not allow Congress to levy taxes or regulate commerce. This led to Congress having to issue requests for money to the states, which were often ignored. As a result, the Continental Army suffered from a lack of funds and supplies. The issues with the Articles became more pronounced after the war and resulted in the convening of the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Yorktown Campaign Having moved north from the Carolinas, Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis sought to reinvigorate his battered army and secure Virginia for Britain. Reinforced through the summer of 1781, Cornwallis raided around the colony and nearly captured Governor Thomas Jefferson. During this time, his army was watched by a small Continental force led by the Marquis de Lafayette. To the north, Washington linked up with the French army of Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Ponton de Rochambeau. Believing he was about to be attacked by this combined force, Clinton ordered Cornwallis to move to a deep water port where his men could be embarked for New York. Complying, Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown to await transport. Following the British, Lafayette, now with 5,000, men took up a position at Williamsburg. Though Washington desperately wished to attack New York, he was dissuaded from this desire after receiving news that Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse planned to bring a French fleet to the Chesapeake. Seeing an opportunity, Washington and Rochambeau left a small blocking force near New York and embarked on a secret march with the bulk of the army. On September 5, Cornwallis hope for a quick departure by sea was ended following the French naval victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake. This action allowed the French to blockade the mouth of the bay, preventing Cornwallis from escaping by ship. Uniting at Williamsburg, the combined Franco-American army arrived outside Yorktown on September 28. Deploying around the town, they began building siege lines on October 5/6. A second, smaller force was dispatched to Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, to pen in a British garrison led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. Outnumbered more than 2-to-1, Cornwallis held out in hope that Clinton would send aid. Pounding the British lines with artillery, the allies began building a second siege line closer to Cornwallis position. This was completed following the capture of two key redoubts by allied troops. After again sending to Clinton for help, Cornwallis attempted to break out with no success on October 16. That night, the British began shifting men to Gloucester with the goal of escaping north, however a storm scattered their boats and the operation ended in failure. The next day, with no other choice, Cornwallis began surrender negotiations which were concluded two days later. Previous: War in the South | American Revolution 101 Previous: War in the South | American Revolution 101 The Treaty of Paris With the defeat at Yorktown, support of the war in Britain declined greatly and ultimately forced Prime Minister Lord North to resign in March 1782. That year, the British government entered into peace negotiations with the United States. The American commissioners included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Henry Laurens, and John Jay. While initial talks were inconclusive, a breakthrough was achieved in September and a preliminary treaty was finalized in late November. While Parliament expressed unhappiness with some of the terms, the final document, the Treaty of Paris, was signed on September 3, 1783. Britain also signed separate treaties with Spain, France, and the Netherlands. By the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the thirteen former colonies as free and independent states, as well as agreed to release all prisoners of war. In addition, border and fishery issues were addressed and both sides agreed to free access to the Mississippi River. In the United States, the last British troops departed from New York City on November 25, 1783, and the treaty was ratified by Congress on January 14, 1784. After nearly nine years of conflict, the American Revolution had come to an end and a new nation was born. Previous: War in the South | American Revolution 101

A Research On The New Scientific System - 1497 Words

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One way in which CRISPR can aid in increasing the health benefits of society is by treating g enetic mutations. CRISPR is a new scientific advancement that can treat devastating diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. While it is possible to get a screening done for a certain devastating disease, a screening can not eliminate the disease that could alter an individual s life. New genetic technology has enabled scientists to delete mutant genes and insert healthy ones. This gives doctors the ability to eliminate the gene thatShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Scientific Merit?1544 Words   |  7 PagesConcept of Scientific Merit Introduction As future scholars who are working on our PhD, we tend to hear a lot about Scientific Merit. But, that same old question might pop in our mines, which is who really cares? We should, especially if we expect the IRB to approve our research proposal. 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Women Rule the World Free Essays

History has ample evidence to show that quite a few women wielded the greatest power, leaving a legacy of their own and unleashing a revolution in their trail, but at the same time, they paid such a dear price for their power which is long believed to be the exclusive domain of male. Nerfititi, a co-regent of Egyptian pharaoh, could not escape the fate of death after removing the existence of the belief in priests and successfully starting to construct a new capital of Egypt together with her husband. Even days after her demise, her tomb was plundered and her body was smashed with the right hand holding the scepter, the symbol of utmost power in Egyptian kingdom, mutilated away from her corpse. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Rule the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vo Tac Thien, the queen of China, in her reign, made an incredible record of contributions to her nation while standing up against waves of protests from traditionalists. It seems when it comes to holding the highest rank, women are biased, albeit their manifest talent and patriotism. Any cruel action they exercised, whether for their ends- as some believe- or the sake of the entire nation, was seen as unacceptable whereas such acts were easily forgotten if committed by men. Further evidence of this prejudice is well seen in the lives of Islamic women who are deprived of the right to have their own identity cards and inherit almost to none of the asset from the bequest of both their parents and spouses. They are born with masks and unveiling these â€Å"sacred amulets† is considered a sacrilege to their faith, rendering their lives in darkness, however. But despite all of this, Islamic women are found to be surprisingly enlighteners with an increasing number working as scientists, researchers and culturists. Such telling bodies of evidence hold the answer itself: when it comes to true power, women cannot be ignored. If given more freedom, why wouldn’t they rule the world as men? Let’s discuss, Seamap guys, to acknowledge the power of our WOMEN. Written by Pham Thi Le Na 1. What are key factors to become a good leader? 2. What are basic differences in the way men and women lead? What are their strengths and weaknesses? 3. Which are countries where women hold important positions in the overnment? Are these nations having any edge over others which exclude women from this opportunity? What’s about Vietnam? Is it a level-playing field for women nowadays? Why or why not? 4. What makes women have fewer chances to rise to power? As being a person of strong power, how can you make sure men and women have equal chance of being recruited to high positions? 5. Debate: What makes you believe women should rule the world? What makes you believe men should rule the world? Compare and contrast to defend you point. Envision the picture where women purely rule the world or men purely rule the world. How to cite Women Rule the World, Papers

Surprise Essay Example For Students

Surprise Essay Dan woke up suddenly and checked his alarm clock. He never liked that little thing, because he never quite figured out how to make it work. Jus1t as he suspected, the little display was showing 8:06 which meant that he had 24 minutes to get to work and eventually present the program to his irritating boss and the critics. He had been working for weeks on this presentation, sacrificing a lot of time and nerves, and now there he was in this helpless situation!He got up at light speed and bolted through the door, however he returned after a couple of seconds, grabbed the evil clock and smashed it in the corner of his bedroom. He knew that he shouldnt have been staying late yesterday night, watching that late-night movie on cable, but now thinking about it was useless and time consuming. In five minutes he was ready and after drinking orange juice like a thirsty camel from the refrigerator, he throw a tic-tac in his mouth, grabbed the briefcase, closed the door and started jogging toward his car. At that moment he heard a voice behind him thats cool man but he didnt turn around. He knew that his hippie neighbor would make him loose precious time by telling him stupid Star Treck episodes or showing him some of his new so called revolutionary inventions. After getting inside the car and turning the keys, three or four times the semi-old Dodge came to life and started opening its way through the dense morning traffic. He was driving relatively fast and in twenty minutes he was in front of the eight store high building where he would be tested and if they liked his ideas, promoted. After parking in his reserved place, he got out and started replaying the program in his mind, desperately hoping that the critics would understand and laugh with a joke about money that he had incorporated in his presentation. Is original what you are doing man. I hope that they evaluate your efforts positively said the receptionist in the lobby who knew Dan very well. Thanks said Dan and after showing his pass, he walked toward the elevators. There were a lot of people looking strangely at him but he didnt care, not today, especially because he was already ten minutes late and just wanted to focus on what he had to say, and the voice tone that he had to use. After a few moments the e elevator doors opened and there he was. In the far end of the hall there was a big mirror and on its left was the big mahogany door that right now looked like a portal to another dimension. Another parallel universe where he had to fight his way through monsters and evil wizards, and maybe save the damn princess from the black dragon that shoots fire. He tried to relax and started walking towards the door. At that same time he looked at his watch which said, that he was fifteen minutes late, instead of ten and that it was definitely going to play a negative role in his evaluation. He pushed the negative thoughts away from his mind and after giving to himself a fast look in the big mirror, he open the door. In that exact moment his mind and body froze like it never did before, in a pitiful position of fear, astonishment, and surrender. He felt like a train at full speed had smashed his body, but what is most important to understand is that it wasnt because of the people in that room. Oh no, no, no. It was something totally different and unexpected. Only now he really understood all those people looking strangely at him, his neighbors silly words, and his friend in the lobby that called him original. And he understood all that in a brief half a second when he looked in that mirror. Right before opening the door and in the most unexpected way, he realized that his reflection in the big mirror was wearing the same pijamas that he was sleeping .